Seasonal Allergies (Hay Fever)

Seasonal allergies occur when your immune system overreacts to normally harmless substances in the environment, primarily pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds. This overreaction causes the release of histamine and other chemicals, leading to the characteristic symptoms of sneezing, congestion, and itchy, watery eyes.

Unlike year-round allergies, seasonal allergies follow predictable patterns based on when different plants release their pollen. Tree pollen typically peaks in spring, grass pollen in late spring and early summer, and weed pollen in fall. The exact timing can vary based on geographic location and weather conditions.

While seasonal allergies can be uncomfortable and disruptive to daily life, they are not life-threatening and can be effectively managed with proper treatment and lifestyle modifications. Understanding your specific triggers and peak seasons is key to successful management.

Seasonal allergy symptoms typically appear when allergen levels are high and can range from mild to severe. The intensity of symptoms often correlates with pollen counts and weather conditions.

Nasal and Respiratory Symptoms

• Sneezing - often in repeated episodes
• Nasal congestion - blocked or stuffy nose
• Coryza - runny nose with clear, watery discharge
• Cough - often dry and persistent
• Postnasal drip causing throat irritation
• Decreased sense of smell and taste

Eye Symptoms

• Itchiness of eye - intense itching sensation
• Lacrimation - excessive tearing
• Red, bloodshot eyes
• Puffy or swollen eyelids
• Burning or stinging sensation in eyes
• Sensitivity to bright light

General Allergic Symptoms

• Allergic reaction - overall immune response
• Sore throat - from postnasal drip
• Headache - often due to sinus pressure
• Frontal headache - pressure in forehead area
• Ear pain - from congestion and pressure
• Fatigue from poor sleep and constant symptoms

Seasonal Patterns

• Spring (March-May): Tree pollen causes early season symptoms
• Late Spring/Early Summer (May-July): Grass pollen predominates
• Fall (August-October): Ragweed and other weed pollens peak
• Weather Impact: Windy, dry days worsen symptoms; rain provides temporary relief

Seasonal allergies are caused by an overactive immune response to specific airborne allergens. When these substances enter your respiratory system, your immune system mistakenly identifies them as harmful and releases chemicals to fight them off.

Primary Allergens

• Tree Pollen: Oak, maple, birch, cedar, pine, and other trees
• Grass Pollen: Bermuda grass, timothy grass, Kentucky bluegrass
• Weed Pollen: Ragweed, sagebrush, pigweed, lamb's quarters
• Mold Spores: Released from decaying organic matter

Risk Factors

• Family History: Genetics play a significant role in allergy development
• Age: Often develops in childhood but can begin at any age
• Other Allergies: Having food allergies or eczema increases risk
• Asthma: Closely linked with seasonal allergies
• Geographic Location: Certain regions have higher allergen levels
• Air Pollution: May worsen symptoms and increase sensitivity

Environmental Factors

• Weather Conditions: Wind spreads pollen; humidity affects mold growth
• Time of Day: Pollen counts typically highest in morning hours
• Season Length: Climate change may extend allergy seasons
• Urban vs. Rural: Different allergen exposures in various environments

Diagnosing seasonal allergies involves identifying the specific allergens that trigger your symptoms and distinguishing allergies from other conditions with similar symptoms, such as the common cold.

Medical History and Physical Exam

• Detailed symptom history and timing
• Family history of allergies and asthma
• Physical examination of nose, throat, and eyes
• Assessment of breathing and lung function

Allergy Testing

• Skin Prick Test: Small amounts of allergens applied to skin
• Blood Test (RAST): Measures allergen-specific antibodies
• Intradermal Test: More sensitive test for specific allergens
• Patch Test: For contact allergies

Differential Diagnosis

• Common cold or viral upper respiratory infection
• Bacterial sinusitis
• Non-allergic rhinitis
• Nasal polyps
• Deviated septum

Treatment for seasonal allergies focuses on reducing symptoms and improving quality of life. The most effective approach often combines medications with allergen avoidance strategies.

Medications

Antihistamines

• Oral: Loratadine (Claritin), cetirizine (Zyrtec), fexofenadine (Allegra)
• Nasal Sprays: Azelastine (Astelin), olopatadine (Patanase)
• Eye Drops: Ketotifen (Zaditor), olopatadine (Pataday)

Nasal Corticosteroids

• Fluticasone (Flonase), budesonide (Rhinocort)
• Mometasone (Nasonex), triamcinolone (Nasacort)
• Most effective for nasal symptoms
• May take several days to reach full effectiveness

Decongestants

• Oral: Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed)
• Nasal Sprays: Oxymetazoline (Afrin) - limit to 3 days
• Provide quick relief but don't treat underlying allergy

Immunotherapy

• Allergy Shots: Gradual exposure to build tolerance
• Sublingual Tablets: Under-tongue treatment for specific allergens
• Long-term treatment that can provide lasting relief
• Best for severe, medication-resistant allergies

While seasonal allergies themselves are not dangerous, they can lead to complications if left untreated or poorly managed:

• Sinusitis: Chronic congestion can lead to sinus infections
• Asthma Exacerbation: Allergies can trigger or worsen asthma symptoms
• Sleep Disruption: Poor sleep quality from nighttime symptoms
• Ear Infections: Particularly in children with allergies
• Reduced Quality of Life: Impact on work, school, and daily activities
• Secondary Infections: From constant nose-blowing and eye rubbing
• Medication Side Effects: From overuse of decongestant nasal sprays

With proper management, most people with seasonal allergies can enjoy outdoor activities and maintain a good quality of life even during peak allergy seasons. Success strategies include:

• Developing a personalized treatment plan with your healthcare provider
• Learning to recognize your specific triggers and peak seasons
• Being proactive with treatment rather than reactive
• Staying informed about daily pollen counts and weather conditions
• Building healthy habits that support your immune system
• Maintaining realistic expectations about symptom control
• Communicating with family and employers about your needs