Definition and Overview

Coryza, commonly known as a runny nose or acute rhinitis, refers to the inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes resulting in excessive nasal discharge. This symptom is one of the most common manifestations of upper respiratory tract infections and allergic reactions. The term "coryza" originates from the Greek word "koryza," meaning nasal mucus, and encompasses the constellation of nasal symptoms including discharge, congestion, sneezing, and post-nasal drip.

The nasal discharge in coryza can vary in consistency and color, providing clues about the underlying cause. Initially, the discharge is typically clear and watery, especially in viral infections or allergic reactions. As the condition progresses, particularly in bacterial infections, the discharge may become thicker and change color to yellow or green. This progression reflects the body's immune response and the accumulation of white blood cells fighting the infection.

While coryza is often considered a minor symptom, it significantly impacts quality of life and can lead to complications if left untreated. The constant nasal discharge can cause skin irritation around the nose, interfere with sleep, affect taste and smell, and lead to secondary infections such as sinusitis or otitis media. Understanding the various causes and appropriate management strategies helps in providing effective relief and preventing complications.

Common Causes

Infectious Causes

  • Common cold: Rhinovirus most common
  • Influenza (Flu): Seasonal viral infection
  • Acute sinusitis: Sinus inflammation
  • COVID-19: Coronavirus infection
  • RSV: Respiratory syncytial virus
  • Adenovirus: Various strains
  • Parainfluenza: Multiple types
  • Bacterial infections: Secondary involvement

Allergic and Environmental

  • Seasonal allergies: Pollen, grass
  • Perennial allergies: Dust mites, pet dander
  • Irritant rhinitis: Smoke, pollution
  • Occupational rhinitis: Workplace exposures
  • Cold air rhinitis: Temperature changes
  • Gustatory rhinitis: Spicy foods
  • Chemical irritants: Perfumes, cleaners
  • Weather changes: Barometric pressure

Other Causes

  • Vasomotor rhinitis: Non-allergic triggers
  • Hormonal rhinitis: Pregnancy, thyroid
  • Medication-induced: Rhinitis medicamentosa
  • Structural abnormalities: Deviated septum
  • Foreign body: Especially in children
  • Nasal polyps: Chronic inflammation
  • CSF leak: Clear, watery discharge
  • Systemic diseases: Wegener's, sarcoidosis

Types of Discharge and Associated Symptoms

Discharge Characteristics

  • Clear, watery (viral, allergic)
  • Thick, yellow/green (bacterial)
  • Blood-tinged (irritation, dryness)
  • Unilateral discharge (foreign body)
  • Profuse, continuous flow
  • Intermittent dripping
  • Post-nasal drip
  • Foul-smelling (infection)

Associated Symptoms

When to Seek Medical Attention

Consult a healthcare provider for:

  • Symptoms lasting more than 10 days
  • High fever (over 103°F/39.4°C)
  • Severe headache or facial pain
  • Blood in nasal discharge
  • Clear discharge after head injury
  • Thick green discharge with fever
  • Vision changes or eye swelling
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Symptoms worsening after improvement
  • Recurrent episodes
  • One-sided discharge in children

Diagnostic Evaluation

Healthcare providers assess coryza through:

Evaluation Methods

  • Medical history: Onset, triggers, pattern
  • Physical examination: Nasal inspection
  • Nasal endoscopy: Detailed view
  • Allergy testing: Skin or blood tests
  • Imaging: CT for sinusitis
  • Nasal culture: Bacterial identification
  • Rhinomanometry: Airflow measurement
  • Beta-2 transferrin: If CSF leak suspected

Treatment and Management

Home Remedies

  • Stay hydrated
  • Saline nasal rinses
  • Steam inhalation
  • Warm compress on face
  • Elevate head while sleeping
  • Use humidifier
  • Avoid irritants
  • Rest adequately

Medical Treatments

  • Antihistamines for allergies
  • Decongestants (short-term)
  • Nasal corticosteroids
  • Antibiotics if bacterial
  • Ipratropium nasal spray
  • Leukotriene inhibitors
  • Immunotherapy for allergies
  • Combination medications

Prevention Strategies

Reduce coryza risk through:

  • Hand hygiene: Frequent washing prevents infection spread
  • Avoid touching face: Reduces viral transmission
  • Allergen avoidance: Identify and minimize triggers
  • Air quality: Use air purifiers, avoid smoke
  • Vaccination: Annual flu shot, COVID vaccines
  • Healthy lifestyle: Adequate sleep, nutrition
  • Manage allergies: Preventive medications
  • Humidity control: 30-50% indoor humidity
  • Avoid sick contacts: During cold/flu season
  • Stress management: Supports immune function