Mouth Dryness (Xerostomia)

Overview

Dry mouth, medically known as xerostomia, occurs when salivary glands don't produce enough saliva to keep the mouth moist. This condition can affect speaking, eating, and oral health. While occasional dry mouth is normal, persistent dryness can lead to dental problems, infections, and difficulty with daily activities.

Common Causes

Medications

  • Antihistamines: Allergy and cold medications
  • Antidepressants: SSRIs, tricyclics
  • Blood pressure medications: Diuretics, beta-blockers
  • Anticholinergics: Bladder control drugs
  • Pain medications: Opioids
  • Muscle relaxants: Various types
  • Anti-anxiety medications: Benzodiazepines
  • Decongestants: Oral formulations

Medical Conditions

  • Sjögren's syndrome: Autoimmune disorder affecting glands
  • Diabetes: High blood sugar affects saliva production
  • HIV/AIDS: Affects salivary glands
  • Parkinson's disease: Neurological effects
  • Alzheimer's disease: Can affect saliva production
  • Stroke: May damage nerves controlling saliva
  • Anxiety disorders: Stress reduces saliva
  • Autoimmune diseases: Lupus, rheumatoid arthritis

Treatments and Lifestyle

  • Radiation therapy: To head and neck area
  • Chemotherapy: Can damage salivary glands
  • Dehydration: Insufficient fluid intake
  • Mouth breathing: During sleep or due to nasal congestion
  • Smoking or tobacco use: Reduces saliva flow
  • Alcohol consumption: Dehydrating effect
  • Caffeine: Excessive intake
  • Recreational drugs: Methamphetamine, marijuana

Symptoms and Complications

  • Sticky, dry feeling in mouth
  • Thick, stringy saliva
  • Difficulty chewing, swallowing, or speaking
  • Burning or tingling sensation
  • Dry, cracked lips
  • Sore throat and hoarseness
  • Bad breath (halitosis)
  • Altered taste
  • Difficulty wearing dentures
  • Increased tooth decay and gum disease
  • Mouth sores or infections
  • Difficulty eating dry foods

Relief Strategies

Immediate Relief

  • Sip water frequently: Keep water bottle handy
  • Sugar-free gum or candies: Stimulate saliva production
  • Ice chips: Melt slowly in mouth
  • Humidifier: Add moisture to air, especially at night
  • Lip balm: Prevent lip cracking
  • Avoid mouth breathing: Breathe through nose when possible

Medical Treatments

  • Saliva substitutes: Artificial saliva products
  • Prescription medications: Pilocarpine, cevimeline
  • Fluoride treatments: Prevent tooth decay
  • Medication adjustment: Change drugs causing dryness
  • Treatment of underlying conditions: Manage diabetes, autoimmune diseases

Oral Hygiene

  • Fluoride toothpaste: Strengthen teeth
  • Alcohol-free mouthwash: Avoid further drying
  • Regular dental visits: Every 3-6 months
  • Gentle brushing: Soft-bristled toothbrush
  • Floss daily: Prevent gum disease

Prevention and Lifestyle Changes

  • Stay well-hydrated throughout the day
  • Limit caffeine and alcohol
  • Quit smoking
  • Avoid spicy, salty, or acidic foods
  • Use a humidifier in bedroom
  • Chew sugar-free gum with xylitol
  • Avoid antihistamines when possible
  • Practice good oral hygiene
  • Eat moist foods or add sauces
  • Avoid sugary drinks and snacks

When to See a Doctor

Consult a healthcare provider if:

  • Dry mouth persists for weeks
  • Difficulty eating or swallowing
  • Mouth sores that won't heal
  • Signs of tooth decay or gum disease
  • White patches in mouth
  • Burning sensation in mouth
  • Dry mouth affecting quality of life
  • Suspicion of medication side effect
  • Other symptoms like dry eyes or joint pain